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599. scalper – a person who buys things at the regular rate and sells it at a profit. 票贩子，黄牛

注解：scalping 原意是北美土著和一些其他文化在胜仗之后会搜刮敌人的头皮作为杀敌的凭证，也有一些地方可以凭借敌人的头皮领赏。黄牛搜刮产品拿去谋取利益的行为很像所以称为scalper（黄牛）。

例句：There were many scalpers selling tickets before the game.

比赛开始前那里有很多黄牛在卖票。

600. scam – a plan to cheat someone. 诈骗，骗局

注解：scam n. 骗局，诡计。

例句：The woman finally got in trouble, because it was found out that she was running a scam.

那女的终于罪有因得，她的骗局被发现了。

601. scatter around – carelessly put in different places. 散一地

注解：scatter是“分散，散开”。字面理解“散在周围”，指的是东西被乱丢，乱放后的一种乱状。

例句：Clothes were scattered around the messy room.

房间里到处散布着衣服。

602. scrape the bottom of the barrel – take whatever is left after best has been taken. 退而求其次；捡剩

注解：scrape 是“刮”，barrel是“桶”，bottom of the barrel 就是“桶底”。这里用bottom of the barrel形容低端货，源于存放葡萄酒的木桶，残留在底下的自然不是好葡萄酒，含有很多杂质。用于形容好的都被别人瓜分走了，只能退而求其次用差劲一点的来凑合。

例句：We need to find employees for the new company but all the talented ones are already working. It looks like we need to scrape the bottom of the barrel and hire people with less talent.

我们需要为这个新公司招雇员，但是经营都已经有工作了，看来我们只能凑合了。

603. scraping by – living on barely enough money. 勒紧裤腰带；勉强维持

注解：scrape是“刮”的意思，每顿饭都得刮碗底吃干净才能勉强填饱肚子。

例句：I could barely scrape by after paying for my own tuitions.

我交了自己的学费以后只能拉紧裤腰带过日子。

604. scrape together – get money little by little. 东拼西凑

注解：形容容器里的食物已经见底，得拿勺子到处刮剩余的残渣凑成一堆的情况。后引申为“凑钱”。

例句：I’ll need to scrape together some money so that I can buy your car.

我得凑凑钱好给你买辆车。

605. scratch the surface – merely begin to understand or accomplish something. 学习／研究只停留在（事物）表面；只做了肤浅的研究

注解：scratch是“划破”，surface是“表面”。字面理解“划破表面”，指的是对某事物的研究只是浅尝辄止，未做深入研究，只停留在表面。仅仅划破表面和深入探索的对比如同中文里的九牛一毛。

例句：He has been looking through the accounting books to find all of the errors. There seems to be so many that he is only beginning to scratch the surface.

他在翻看公司账单找错误。但是貌似他才刚刚开始。

606. screw up – to cause something to fail or be spoiled.搞砸；破坏

注解：这个表达在口语中很常用。screw是动词“搞砸，破坏”的意思。是个不及物动词，后与up 连用，后可直接加宾语。

例句：Get out. Haven't you screwed things up enough already, you idiot!

滚出去！难道你把事情弄得还不够糟吗？你这个白痴！

607. scrounge around – look in a lot of places for a certain item. 四处寻找

注解：scrounge 是“白要；讨要；蹭饭”等，scrounge around就像庙里的和尚去化缘，有到处寻找（施主）的意思。

例句：I need a 2-inch screw that will hold a part tight in the light fixture. I’ve been scrounging around for an hour, but can’t seem to find one.

我需要一根2英寸的螺丝来把这个零件固定在灯座里，我到处都找了一个小时还是没找到。

608. second hand – not new, previously used. 二手

注解：字面理解“二手”。另外一种说法是Pre-owned。

例句：The little girl has been wearing second hand clothes from her older sister for the past year.

这个小女孩每天都穿她姐姐穿剩下的衣服。